Refineries draw off these fractions as separate streams to be further processed. The heavy residue that remains at the bottom, often called vacuum gas oil, requires additional treatment since it is too heavy for most applications.
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The gasoline produced from the FCC unit might be blended with reformate to boost its octane, while diesel streams are treated to reduce sulfur content. Hydrotreating, for example, uses hydrogen to strip sulfur from diesel and gasoline, a critical step to comply with strict environmental regulations regarding emissions.
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) units are particularly effective, converting heavy gas oils into a high yield of gasoline and olefins. The process starts by heating the crude to high temperatures in a furnace, converting a portion of it into vapor.
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Fractionation and Product Recovery Each layer of the distillation column, or fraction, represents a different hydrocarbon category. Integration and Final Product Blending A modern refinery operates like a complex ecosystem where different units work in tandem to optimize yield and profitability.
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